Introduction

In October 1983, the Baha'i­ International Community sent National Baha'i­ Assemblies throughout the world a questionnaire inquiring about activities which their communities had organized during the United Nations Decade for Women to achieve equality of rights, privileges, and responsibilities for both sexes, as well as to report on obstacles that these communities had faced -- and were still facing -- in reaching this goal. The Assemblies were also asked to provide information on programmes and activities for women which they were planning beyond the Decade. [An earlier questionnaire sent to National Baha'i­ Assemblies in 1972 sought information on the degree of implementation in their communities of the principle of the equality of men and women. Replies received were summarized in a report entitled "Preliminary Enquiry into the Status of Women in the Baha'i­ World Community," circulated widely during International Women's Year (1975) and at the IWY World Conference in Mexico City.]

The present report draws on information received from 77 of the 143 Assemblies canvassed, and comprises data from countries in Africa, the Americas, Asia and Australasia, and Europe. It is, therefore, quite representative of worldwide Baha'i­ concern for the advancement of women, and of steps taken by Baha'i­ communities to cooperate with the United Nations in its long-standing efforts to improve the status of women.

The responses received from both the 1973 and 1983 questionnaires confirm the necessity for the change in attitudes emphasized by the United Nations, as well as stressing the importance of education for the realization of the equality of men and women. They also indicate that Baha'i­ communities are engaged in many innovative activities to foster the advancement of women -- while maintaining unity in the family and in the community, conditions essential, in the Baha'i­ view, for healthy progress in bringing about the equality of the sexes.

Baha'i­ communities, while realistic in their assessment of obstacles to be overcome, are dedicated to a change in attitudes, and are working systematically and in a practical way to win the goal of equality of the sexes. They are dedicated to the education of women, even in preference to that of men, since women, as mothers, have such an important bearing on the life of future generations. In addition, they see the importance of women's potential for the accomplishment of peace and world order as women increasingly participate in all areas of community life.

It should be pointed out that all individual Baha'i­s and Baha'i­ institutions are committed to the belief that the teachings of their Faith are invested with divine authority and that the principles of these teachings are the guidance toward which they continually turn for new insight and understanding. It is inevitable at this time in the history of the Baha'i­ world community that there are wide differences in the understanding, as well as in the application, of these principles, and that the full appreciation of their significance, and their demonstration in action, are dependent upon many factors in the life of the individual and in society. Baha'i­ communities, although very different one from another, since they include a wide diversity of cultural backgrounds, are also very similar. They express a unique unity in diversity, unity in that all accept Bahá'u'lláh, the Founder of their Faith, as the Divine Prophet for this period in human history, and are committed to the world-view, principles and laws He has brought; diversity in that they are an unusual blend of nationalities, races, creeds, classes, and temperaments -- all welcomed and appreciated in the Baha'i­ Faith and its world community.

During the UN Decade For Women (1976-1985)

The activities which have been undertaken by Baha'i­ communities show wide diversity both because of the specific challenges posed in each society -- the various ethnic and cultural backgrounds represented -- as well as the fact that national Baha'i­ communities are in different stages of growth and have greater or lesser strength in numbers.

The most frequently mentioned positive influence for the integration of women in community life, according to the questionnaire replies, has been the Baha'i­ administrative order. Therefore, since the way in which these communities function is part of the learning process in which Baha'i­s voluntarily participate as they become voting members, a few words about the nature of the administrative order that fosters the development of the Baha'i­ community are pertinent.

The administrative structure which Baha'i­s are finding so effective -- now functioning in over 140 countries and in varied cultural environments representing 2000 ethnic backgrounds -- encourages universal participation, in consultation and decision-making, in the smallest community on up. An important element of this system is an election process by secret ballot, free from the practice of nominations and electioneering. Members of the local community elect by free choice those men and women they feel are best qualified to make decisions on a whole range of human concerns. The members are asked "to consider without the least trace of passion and prejudice, and irrespective of any material consideration, the names of only those who can best combine the necessary qualities of unquestioned loyalty, of selfless devotion, of a well-trained mind, of recognized ability and mature experience." The elected administrative council regularly consults with all members of the community at large, drawing from the diversity of viewpoints that necessarily exists in every situation. Once decisions of the council are reached by unanimous or majority vote, everyone in the community is committed to uphold them, ensuring in this way the unified support of the community at large.

This joint decision-making process eliminates the evils of political partisanship that seek to undermine a plan of action, and prevents the influence of pressure groups promoting special interests.

The importance of the role which this administrative system has had in advancing women during the Decade can be seen in several observations drawn from a wide range of geographical areas.

In an East African country, [Kenya] for instance, where the Baha'i­ community experienced a significant growth in the past ten years, primarily at the grass roots level, it was reported that the development of the administrative order of the Baha'i­ Faith had been "a key factor in the involvement and participation of women," with "more women serving on both appointed and elected Baha'i­ institutions." In another country, in West Africa, [Nigeria] it was noted that "the equality of women had been enhanced by wider administrative experience," and that women are both "included in most of the national and regional committees appointed by the National Spiritual Assembly," and "also serve on many Local assemblies." It was further observed by the Baha'i­ community of a Central African country [Central African Republic] that the main activities organized by Baha'i­ institutions to improve the conditions of women had "often been successful because of the sustained efforts of the local Baha'i­ assemblies," and that many women served actively in Baha'i­ communities "without experiencing discrimination."

The questionnaire replies also indicated that it is not unusual for women to serve on National Baha'i­ Assemblies as well as on Local Assemblies "often as officers," [Jamaica] and that as they begin to function actively, "they learn to take leadership roles" [Jamaica] and to participate "without restriction in consultation and decision-making" [Paraguay] in the local and national administrative functions of the Baha'i­ community: "Women both vote and are elected." [Paraguay]

One of the clearest explanations of the changes occurring in women through their commitment to the teachings and principles of the Baha'i­ Faith, and their involvement in the activities of the Baha'i­ community, is found in the following reply:

 

The very act of becoming a Baha'i­ is the first major personal decision for most women in rural areas. Then, as they are deepened in the Baha'i­ teachings and the role they are expected to play in Baha'i­ administrative activity, they are changed from being passive members of an existing social order into dynamic members of a new order. Because of their functions in serving on Baha'i­ administrative bodies and in voting and in being voted for and elected, women have made great strides in a largely male dominated society. An increasing number of local Baha'i­ assemblies have women as members and local assemblies with all women members have also been reported. [India]

Two additional comments help further to understand the process:

The opportunity given to women to participate in the Baha'i­ administrative institutions is a contributing factor in improving their condition. [Panama]

Though traditionally women do not take a real role in decision-making, Baha'i­ women are elected to local and national Baha'i­ administrative posts. As they serve in these positions, they educate other women. [Samoa]

The replies to the questionnaire also indicate that as a result of this administrative system the percentage of women participating as delegates to the Baha'i­ national conventions, called yearly to elect the National Baha'i­ Assemblies, has increased. One country, in fact, remarked on this "significant increase" as a "sign of change." [Netherlands]

Also reported was the regular participation of women in increasing numbers, through election, on the National and Local Assemblies, and through appointment, on national and local committees. One country felt that an important contribution to the UN Decade for Women was the fact that "women were serving on the Local Assemblies and national committees." [United Kingdom] One reply [Hawaii] indicated that "over one half of the present membership of local Baha'i­ administrative bodies are women," and "over thirty percent of the membership of the National Assembly are women." In another country [El Salvador] "one third of the National Baha'i­ Assembly are women," and, perhaps even more important, "the percentage is about one fourth women on the Local Assemblies, and most of these Baha'i­ communities are in rural areas." Furthermore "one fourth of Baha'i­ national committees are made up of women."

The overall experience of Baha'i­ communities would seem to indicate, as expressed in one specific case, that women "share equal rights and participate fully in Baha'i­ activities." [Australia]

In addition, illiteracy has not been seen as a deterrent in the election of women to Baha'i­ institutions, as indicated by the election in one African country, [Benin] to the National Assembly of an illiterate villager (1976), an illiterate market woman (1977), and an illiterate housewife (1976). In 1983, the first of these three women was re-elected to the Assembly.

One comment sums up the impact of the Baha'i­ administrative system on the development of the potentialities of women:

Women are truly exercising to the full their privileges and responsibilities in the work of the community. The success of their efforts is due to a sense of dignity, spiritual assurance, education and the recognition of the role of women in all avenues of society. Since many women are involved in all aspects of Baha'i­ administration and community life, this appears to be the area where the principle of equality bears the most fruit. [New Zealand]

The recent replies to the questionnaire also indicate that conferences, institutes, seminars, school programmes and study classes have played a prominent part in the education of men as well as women in Baha'i­ families and communities. The establishment of tutorial schools, literacy training projects, sustained deepening programmes, the publication of pertinent information in native languages, as well as the advantages of cross-cultural exposure, have all been of great benefit in Baha'i­ communities. It is also apparent that Baha'i­s not only seek out information on medical advances, but actively promote principles of good nutrition, hygiene, and other beneficial health practices. Belief in the importance of both science and religion as aspects of one reality has led Baha'i­s to this commitment.

The importance which Baha'i­s place on the acquisition of moral and spiritual qualities as they seek to strengthen human character are seen to directly affect the development of men and women who come under Baha'i­ influences. Baha'i­ marriage laws, concepts of family unity, and the responsibility of all family members, a spirit of loving cooperation between men and women, and encouragement, assistance and support in Baha'i­ communities, are important elements in the progress that Baha'i­s are making. It will be seen that all these communities work towards the equality of men and women, the strengthening of the family unit, and for the unity, order, and stability of the community.

Beyond the Decade

As to future programmes and activities to implement the long-range goals to which Baha'i­s are committed, many National Baha'i­ Assemblies not only state their aims, but outline specific ways in which they intend to accomplish them. The orientation towards the advancement and development of women is clear; and the promise for future generations even more hopeful, as Baha'i­s deepen in the understanding of the principles and teachings of their Faith, and educate their children in them as well.

The scope of future programmes and activities can be gleaned from the excerpts that follow:

Africa

Benin

Plans involve a project for literacy classes in villages with the Baha'i­ Youth Exchange, which would include women. There would also be collaboration with women's organizations to accomplish certain projects for women and girls during and after International Youth Year. A national women's conference is planned, to which Baha'i­ women speakers from the French-speaking world will be invited. It is hoped that some of these women will come early, or remain after the conference, to visit women in local Baha'i­ communities, teaching and encouraging relevant local activities. Through collaboration with the United Nations and health and welfare agencies, new ideas will reach the Baha'i­ women, and help them improve the conditions of their lives.

Burkina Faso

Baha'i­ women will be encouraged to take an active part in all social and economic development projects. The planning of national or regional conferences for women, institutes, and contacts with different women's organizations in the country are also considered important. The sensitizing of men regarding the role which women play in society -- noticeably in education, health, peace, employment, and social and economic development of a nation is another goal.

Central African Republic

Centers for women will continue to be maintained by the Baha'i­s. These include spiritual, health, and nutritional education, as well as literacy training for women.

The Gambia

The spiritual component in human and social development seems to be our main resource in The Gambia. Individuals as well as Baha'i­ administrative institutions in The Gambia are cooperating with local, national, and international development efforts, offering professional expertise and Baha'i­ principles. It would appear that the rapid strengthening of local Baha'i­ communities is a necessity for the expansion of future programmes.

Ghana

There will be an effort to involve Baha'i­ women in local Baha'i­ activities, to appoint women to committees, and to educate women through the organization of women's conferences. Vocational schools will be established to train women in relevant fields and to deepen understanding of the principles of the equality of men and women.

Kenya

The most important way that women can be assisted is through the continued development of the Baha'i­ administrative order, in particular, the establishment and strengthening of local Baha'i­ assemblies. The evolving maturity of the local assemblies assures the increased involvement of women because of the basic principles of equality and universal participation. Specific activities include the encouragement of women to actively participate in all areas of community life, to increase the number of women's groups, both those of an informal nature and more formal, self-help cooperatives. To assist this development, suitable materials will be developed by the National Women's and Children's Committee, including those available from government ministries. The National Women's and Children's Committee has already in process a series of booklets designed for rural, semi-literate women. Topics include: creating a spiritual home, teaching good character, using discipline effectively, learning at home and at school, and raising healthy children. Materials available from government ministries are in areas of agriforestry, literacy, appropriate technology, and water programmes. Conferences at the local, regional, and national levels, have been most effective tools for the development of women.

An indispensable factor in bringing about equality of women is the understanding on the part of men of the role they play; increased emphasis will be given to the role of men in realizing the principle of equality.

The beginning of pre-primary schools run by local assemblies will also contribute to the development of women. These schools will primarily employ women teachers and help provide for their training. They will have the same curriculum for boys and girls and teach the equality of men and women.

Nigeria

New social and economic development projects undertaken by the Baha'i­ community will involve women. There will continue to be a women's committee which will sponsor specific activities for women. Increased community activities is anticipated. Women will receive scholarships enabling them to attend conferences, while encouraging the support of their husbands in managing the household in their absence.

Rwanda

Future projects will include literacy training, the instruction of women in the education of children by means of booklets, and assistance to women in housekeeping, hygiene, and health responsibilities.

Tanzania

Experience has shown that deepening women in the understanding of the Baha'i­ Faith widens their perspective and gives them self-confidence. This can be done by holding women's conferences at local, regional, and perhaps, national levels to both deepen them in the Baha'i­ teachings and to provide a forum for discussion of women's ideas and concerns. As a follow-up, the production and circulation of a women's magazine, focusing on the same topics as the conferences, and with special emphasis on nutrition education, would be helpful.

Zimbabwe

In the field of development, plans include the organization of literacy programmes for Baha'i­ women through tutorial schools and the organization of cooperatives by the women in some of the villages, for agricultural production. Women's institutes and conferences will be organized to educate women.

Since unity in the family is a goal for Baha'i­s, women can be encouraged to hold women's meetings to share and deepen themselves in the elements of family life. The committee can hold conferences to create better understanding of unity and the equality of men and women.

Americas

Brazil

A special meeting of Baha'i­ women will take place to consult on and approve plans for a greater integration of Baha'i­ women in social and economic projects in the fields of education, health, and family. Regional seminars with the same purpose will consider the specific problems of each region in the country. Other goals are to publish a special brochure with selections from the Baha'i­ Writings regarding the importance of women and their role; stimulating the participation of Baha'i­ women in local communities, in social activities of a humanitarian nature, providing assistance, under the initiative of local Baha'i­ assemblies; and encouraging their participation with other institutions already acting in the social field, or working for the advancement of women.

Canada

The development of women can be encouraged by: 1) Continuing to provide activities which will upgrade management and leadership skills in women, 2) Educating local communities regarding the status of women, 3) Increasing the understanding of the Baha'i­ Writings regarding women, 4) Educating young women regarding family life, educational goals, and the development and use of their capacities.

Proposed goals include the following: 1) To foster association with Native and French Canadian Women's Organizations, 2) Organization of a Conference on Women as a part of the programme of the Association for Baha'i­ Studies, 3) Collaborative activity involving the Association for Baha'i­ Studies with major women's organizations in Canada, 4) Membership of at least one Baha'i­ woman in all major women's organizations, 5) Public relations activities to inform men and women of Canada on issues of equality of men and women, 6) Communication with all individual Baha'i­ women on these goals, and regular communication on our progress in meeting them.

Chile

The most effective way of assisting the development of women will be 1) To foster greater understanding among Baha'i­s of the Baha'i­ teachings regarding the position of women, 2) To encourage a reorientation in the education of children, 3) To make provision for the publication of a Baha'i­ bulletin for women, 4) To establish closer ties with the media and publications devoted to women, 5) To establish closer ties with women's organizations, 6) To encourage Baha'i­ participation in activities organized to promote the status of women (seminars, conferences, interviews, programmes, etc.), 7) To organize regional and national conferences on women with the participation of other organizations interested in the equality of men and women, 8) To initiate a programme of studies on women including a) the problems of women in technical and professional activities, b) the problems of women at different periods of life -- adolescent, youth, adult, and aging, c) the problems concerning marriage, divorce, widowhood, second marriages, single parents, etc., d) consideration of the responsibilities of women in relation to children, and e) discussion of general social conditions affecting women. It is important to downplay machismo and change the educational preference which is usually given to the male child.

El Salvador

We feel that it is important to make known the principles of the equality and rights for both sexes, not only among men, but also among the women themselves. There is an awareness of the need for girls to receive education and to be permitted to choose careers, trades, and professions in accordance with their own desires and capacities.

While pointing out that the ignorance and the under-utilization of the capacities of women in communities is due to traditional attitudes, it must be made clear that the equality of the sexes promoted by the Baha'i­ teachings does not necessarily agree with the ideas of "sexual emancipation," which come from other countries. It is important to make clear that men themselves will delay their own development if women do not advance. It is necessary that women become true companions in all aspects of family and community life.

Guyana

Local Baha'i­ assemblies, often concentrating their attention on the participation and development of women in their communities, will help a great deal in the future. Children's classes, taught mostly by women, will strengthen the base of the community. Functioning Baha'i­ assemblies will play a vital role in the process of education, which will have a profound effect on many aspects of the condition of women in Guyana.

Although attention has been paid to family life, where the women play a major role, and to the need for women to acquire reading skills and general education, another aspect important to stress is family consultation, including the elements of mutual trust and joint problem solving.

Panama

The Baha'i­ community should organize regional and national women's conferences, since in these conferences women learn of their rights and develop the courage to speak. The whole community, including the men must also become convinced of the importance of the rights of women, so that they can be put into practice. It is very important that women feel the desire to have the same rights as men in social relationships and in education, and that they express their needs. In this way, the community will develop and express a new level of well-being.

Paraguay

Regular bulletins designed to encourage and stimulate the participation of women will be produced, and there will be a greater diffusion of the principle of equality of men and women through the use of mass media, the organization of conferences and programmes concerning the family. There must be emphasis as well on the acceptance of equality of women on the part of men.

Peru

Simple educational programmes related to development, equality, health, employment and peace will be planned to foster the advancement and participation of women. This goal will include the education of children, through whom mothers can be reached, as well as a constant effort to assist women of all social strata.

St. Lucia

Increasing the number of local Baha'i­ assemblies, and the establishment of adult education programmes should lead to the increased development of Baha'i­ women, who will be gaining administrative experience and greater confidence in themselves.

United States

Important ways the community can assist in the development of women are:

1. the establishment of a national women's committee whose role would be to:
   1. make the subject of equality of men and women one of national importance and attention to Baha'i­s,
   2. closely examine the attitudes and traditions preventing equality of men and women and develop ways to change them within the community,
   3. encourage local or regional Baha'i­ women's committees whose concerns would be to organize informal study groups and local conferences to explore the needs and concerns of women,
   4. encourage the non-sexist education of children,
   5. encourage and support women to become persons in their own right,
   6. encourage and support women to explore their role in relationship to social and economic development and world peace,
   7. encourage and support men to begin to explore their changing roles in relationship to the equality of men and women;
2. development of special study materials related to:
   1. equality of men and women,
   2. interpersonal relationships -- male/female relationships,
   3. cooperation and greater equality within marriage,
   4. personal growth and development,
   5. exploring the development of attitudes and traditions and introducing new options to thinking and behavior;
3. communicate with Baha'i­ and non-Baha'i­ experts in fields relating to the issue.

Venezuela

Baha'i­ marriage -- including laws, practices, and attitudes -- will be a major theme in conferences, institutes, and other Baha'i­ events, especially those involving youth. The requirements for marriage, a concern of Baha'i­ assemblies as well as individual Baha'i­s, will also be addressed by a committee on Baha'i­ life which has been created to identify and counsel youth who are thinking of marriage. The importance of chastity before marriage and loyalty after marriage will be emphasized. Great effort will continue to be given to marriages in difficulty, helping through consultation with the partners in marriage to solve their problems.

Asia

Bangladesh

General plans include women's conferences, study classes for women, vocational training opportunities for women, and the training of women teachers.

India

Special training courses for women are envisaged on a state level also. Another important goal will be to ensure the complete participation of women in Baha'i­ administration and in the training of children. The latter, particularly, is a very significant step in bringing up a new generation who will practice the principle of the equality of men and women because it is inculcated in them from an early age. The development of tutorial schools will also play an important role, and the publication of newsletters and magazines will continue.

Malaysia

The following activities are considered to be important. 1) The spiritual influence of prayers shared in the family, 2) The education of women as mothers and child educators, 3) Service projects, such as care for the aged and handicapped, 4) Regular meetings for self-improvement, fellowship, public speaking, motivation, first-aid and other subjects of interest, 5) Counseling to assure love and concern for people in time of need, 6) Rural development projects, including emphasis on hygiene, nutrition; pre-natal, birth, and child care assistance; and guidance on marriage problems.

Singapore

Women will be encouraged to participate in activities of women's organizations. An education programme on "Parenting" has been organized this year. Women will also be encouraged to adopt personal goals in relation to community activities.

Thailand

Future plans include: 1) Vocational education such as classes on sewing, typing and weaving; 2) Parenting; 3) Pre-school education; 4) Community participation -- with greater emphasis on women's participation in the spiritual and administrative aspects of Baha'i­ community life. Part of the women's activities have been classes on cooking, nutrition, and handicrafts to supplement family income. Also, special classes have been provided by one Local Assembly for women to teach literacy, nutrition and health practices.

Australasia

Australia

The Baha'i­ community can help to strengthen the social fabric of the community at large by strengthening its families. What seems to be needed most is adjusting family relationships to preserve the family unit in a society in which women are as free as men. Local Baha'i­ assemblies and the National Community Development Committee have arranged seminars, summer school programmes and workshops to this end.

Fiji

Baha'i­ women at village level will be encouraged and assisted to attend training courses conducted by government agencies aimed at educating and expanding the vision of women. Women's conferences will be held and women will be encouraged to participate in courses which will train them to acquire skills, enabling them to earn money in their own right.

Special training courses for women and potential mothers to educate them in training their children, as well as marriage guidance study programmes, will be held. A method of training women to become aware of the necessity for them to become actively involved in development is anticipated. Plans include the education of men in the principle of equality of men and women. The passive acceptance by women of decisions made by men will be discouraged. Seminars, school programmes, and teaching conferences are some of the means by which these goals can be accomplished.

Marshall Islands

Through deepening their understanding of the Baha'i­ Writings, women can become stronger, less shy and fearful, and learn to express their ideas and feelings. Their abilities can then be used in community-wide meetings and activities. Men need also to be educated on the importance of each person, man and woman alike.

This year the Baha'i­ Community will be holding its Fourth Annual Baha'i­ Women's Conference, where numerous subjects concerning women will be discussed.

New Caledonia

Recognition of the rights of women in the Melanesian and Polynesian environment, stressing the increasing participation of women in social and cultural activities, will be encouraged. Concerning the education of children, the National Baha'i­ Assembly believes that in one or two generations notable progress will be realized in this area, since children are being educated in the equality of men and women in the home, in the summer and winter schools, and in projects and holiday camps.

New Zealand

A majority of the local Baha'i­ assemblies are making firm plans to assist in the development of women. There is universal recognition that the concept of equality must be taught in children's classes, as well as seen by example in the life of the local community. In this way, future generations will have a greater understanding of the principle. Other plans include education seminars, intercommunity gatherings, study classes -- especially for new members -- and full support for activities such as the UN Decade for Women. Women will be encouraged to take their rightful place in all aspects of community life, therefore setting an example for other women. A Baha'i­ women's committee will be appointed which will investigate opportunities existing in the social and economic development area. There will also be consultation, seminars, meetings and conferences with men.

Papua New Guinea

Teaching Baha'i­ principles of education, which give emphasis to the education of women; undertaking development projects that involve women and give them an income; and teaching the present generation of men regarding the status of women -- are important ways to advance the position of women.

Samoa

As women become more involved in teaching the Baha'i­ Faith, and become deepened in understanding its principles, they will share their new "awareness" with others. When women, especially at the village level, become knowledgeable of the role they play as mothers and educators, they will realize the important role they play in society.

Rural development programmes are being considered with discussion on the education of women, child care and health. The introduction of such projects as sewing classes, weaving, handicrafts, etc. into each village is being considered. This would be done with the assistance of the local Rural Development Bureau, and with the encouragement of the local Baha'i­ assemblies in each community.

Tonga

A regional programme has been planned to give opportunity for women to teach and participate in administrative activities, to hold institutes on the equality of men and women, and to organize conferences for women on the role of women. A women's committee has been appointed to plan a Women's Day, to which prominent women will be invited to participate.

Europe

Austria

It is important to make women and men more aware of the promise in Baha'i­ teachings that "When women participate fully and equally in the affairs of the world -- war will cease." The National Assembly of Austria calls attention to the statement [UN Document #E/CN.6/1984/NGO/1.] submitted by the Baha'i­ International Community to the Commission on the Status of Women in Vienna, February, 1984: "... They (women) must make constant effort to acquire and develop peaceful virtues and attitudes, to understand the fundamental issues related to world peace -- including the basic causes of war -- and to dedicate themselves to the greater goal of world solidarity in which all nations and people must play a part, but none shall dominate or control."

France

We have emphasized the principle of the equality of rights of men and women, and the importance of the woman in the education of children and her essential place in the heart of society. In our community and in our institutions we are making sure that women find their place and participate fully in the life of the Baha'i­ community at all levels.

Spain

Either because they better understand the issue, or because of the social changes in the country, the Baha'i­ women in Spain are active in practically all existing Baha'i­ institutions, either at the national, regional or local level. In six communities, there are specific activities for women, such as periodic meetings organized and run wholly by Baha'i­ women, attended by women from the community at large. The Baha'i­ women in our country are assuming ever greater responsibilities, working harmoniously with the men. One can notice, as is natural in Baha'i­ families with small children, that care is alternately shared, permitting both spouses to participate in the activities of the local community. The theme of equality of rights has been promoted by Baha'i­ communities in public conferences in many cities of the country. Also we have widely distributed the pamphlet "The Equality of Men and Women: A Baha'i­ View" prepared by the Baha'i­ International Community. We have also included this pamphlet in a general information dossier presented to the media, authorities, and personalities in general. Within the Baha'i­ community, we have circulated a compilation of Baha'i­ Writings on the equality of rights for men and women, and the subject has been the object of consideration in national and regional schools and in deepening classes in local communities.

Switzerland

The matter of the equality of men and women comes up in all Baha'i­ meetings. Therefore, the Baha'i­ teachings on this subject have and will continue to be made known whenever possible. Furthermore, Baha'i­ women have taken an active part in meetings of "Donne per la Pace" (Women for Peace) and have had active discussions with women in organizations such as "Amnesty International." In Lugano we have been aided also by the fact that a woman is the chairperson of the Local Assembly. In the German-speaking part of Switzerland, i.e. in St. Gallen, our Public Relations Committee for that region organizes a yearly symposium. The theme in 1981 was "the rank of women in the religions"; the theme for 1982 was peace. We have noted a growing interest of the female population in Eastern Switzerland for our symposia.

United Kingdom

Members of the External Affairs Committee are participating in a series of seminars on "Women and Religion," sponsored by the University of London, Goldsmith College. This committee has also been encouraging women in the entire Baha'i­ community to join women's associations, and participate in their activities. It has asked the Baha'i­ community to arrange special meetings for women, inviting their local women's associations, church ladies' groups, and other bodies, and individuals.

The Baha'i­ International Community has a deep interest in and a commitment to the struggle against hunger and the provision of adequate food for every member of the human race. We have therefore increasingly participated in the sessions and follow with appreciation the efforts of the World Food Council to develop, sustain and coordinate the policies and action required to carry out constructive international measures regarding food production and distribution. The goal set last year by WFC for the international community to renew its commitment to eradicate hunger and malnutrition throughout the world during the next one-and-a-half decades is most welcome, and its realization would represent the fulfillment of a cherished human dream. In the spirit of cooperation, we would like to make some comments highlighting what we perceive as the most important factors in the achievement of a hunger-free planet.

Although there has been an encouraging decrease in the rate of hunger-related deaths over the past decades, the number of undernourished people in the world has never been as high as present. Studies have shown that hunger remains a basic issue in a majority of the world's countries with approximately half of the world population.¹ Fifteen million hunger-related deaths yearly in children under 5 illustrates the appalling magnitude of the problem. Since the total food supplies of the planet are adequate to satisfy the nutritional needs of everyone the human calamity of hunger underlines the necessity of reorienting the economies of food production and distribution in the interest of human welfare. The universal conquest of hunger and the establishment of food security for all the world thus demands that we move toward international human and economic solidarity. Not to do so would be a major handicap in the current struggle against hunger.

Conspicuous advances have, however, been made during the last decades in the kind of "spirit of world solidarity" envisaged in the Baha'i­ Writings as "spontaneously arising out of the welter of a disorganized society," and as a process "which must increasingly engage the attention of the responsible custodians of the destinies of peoples and nations." (From the Baha'i­ Writings) This international solidarity can perhaps be most clearly seen in the various human rights instruments adopted by the governments of the world in the context of the United Nations, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 1l of the Covenant includes the recognition of "the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger," and requires, inter alia, that the State Parties "recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food," and that they "will take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this right." It can thus be concluded that the right to adequate food as a human right has become firmly embedded in international law, an achievement clearly reflecting an important evolution of man's consciousness during a relatively short period of time.

The growing awareness of the oneness of mankind, and its concomitant commitment to solidarity in action, must be further promoted until it becomes a commonly and firmly held value on the part of humanity as a whole. This is crucially important for the execution of global responsibility and a successful management of world affairs, including a coherent attack on the food problem. The latter further requires a comprehensive development vision, a vision which must include not only factors concerned with economic growth, but also basic values such as justice, equity, equality of men and women, cooperation and respect for nature. What is urgently needed, therefore, is development education in the most profound meaning of the term, focusing on human as well as social and economic development. This would include an educational orientation to help man rise above and integrate the often fragmented pieces of modern understanding and knowledge, and assist him to direct himself toward the creation of an authentic social well-being in which the needs of both body and spirit are satisfied. The Baha'i­ understanding of development is that each human being, and therefore human society as a whole, has limitless potential for development and an inner spiritual need to realize that latent capacity for the purpose of serving humanity. In the Baha'i­ view there is no "greater blessing conceivable for a man, than that he should become the cause of education, the development, the prosperity and honor of his fellow creatures." (From the Baha'i­ Writings) This understanding can give human beings the incentive "to arise and energetically devote themselves to the service of the masses, forgetting their own worldly advantage and working only to serve the general good." (From the Baha'i­ Writings)

The two major dimensions of the food problem, those of production and distribution, should be seen in the light of the above-mentioned principles regarding the global perspective, and a holistic approach to development. The inadequate level of food production in certain parts of the world, particularly in peasant agriculture in developing countries, should most fundamentally be countered by according higher social prestige to the agricultural sector and paying more attention to the needs and desires of peasant farmers. It should be noted that agriculture is in a sense the backbone and foundation of the economy and that this must be fully taken into account both in designing overall public policies and in implementing them. The Baha'i­ view is that in order to achieve equity and obtain for every member of society "the utmost welfare and well-being .... we must begin with the farmers; there we will lay a foundation for a system and order because the peasant class and the agricultural class exceed other classes in the importance of their service."

Such an overall policy, providing social, economic and infrastructural support for agriculture, would include an emphasis on stimulating and facilitating self-realization, popular participation and cooperation at the local level. To have its desired impact this process should result in local people taking initiatives and making organizational efforts to increase their capacity to plan and implement activities, for the self-reliance, self-sufficiency and increased welfare of all. The role of rural women, so often neglected, is of particular importance in this context. Women normally occupy a key role in both the production and distribution of food and must be given due support and training in order to ensure adequate food quantity and quality, as well as the equitable sharing of food within the family.

The issue of food distribution should, in our view, be seen in the context of the need to reduce the extremes of wealth and poverty at national and international levels. The aim would be to initially secure food entitlements and other basic needs for all, and ultimately universal welfare and comfort. This would necessitate the organization of the material resources of the world for the benefit of all, free trade to stimulate economic development and a system of reserves of essential commodities to safeguard against shortages. In the crucial area of food storage and distribution there should be a strong emphasis on communal arrangements for food security in the form of food granaries for self-sufficiency at the local level. The distributive rearrangements aimed at would in general terms result in a change whereby financial resources correspond with biological needs, as compared to the current situation in which a considerable proportion of the world's population lacks the purchasing power to obtain the food it requires.

It is widely acknowledged that mankind is currently experiencing a process of universal transformation, unprecedented both as regards its worldwide scale and its explosive pace. Never before has mankind had such a need for a renewal of thought, for a new philosophy of action to cope with the omnipresent social frictions that could ultimately destroy us as human beings. The eradication of hunger is increasingly recognized as both a moral imperative and a most important factor in creating social stability in an interdependent world. Only a global strategy of development, capable of mobilizing our spiritual and intellectual capacities, as well as all the elements of production, in the interest of the entire human race, can eliminate underdevelopment and hunger from the world.

The World Food Council has been given a mandate and is well positioned to play an increasingly important role in outlining and promoting an effective global food strategy. Such a strategy could beneficially include an increase in information and education concerning the food issue and, parallel with a growing awareness of the unacceptable biological slavery that the scourge of hunger constitutes, the designing of policies and distributive arrangements capable of meeting the challenge. A global information and education campaign could be carried out by UN agencies in collaboration with member governments and non-governmental organizations. This could foster a broader understanding of this most challenging issue and result in sufficient commitment to lay the foundation for the realization of the laudable goal of eradicating hunger and malnutrition by the end of the century as envisaged by the World Food Council. The Baha'i­ International Community, with its century-old experience in fostering global solidarity and promoting the universal acceptance of the human rights of every member of humanity, stands ready to contribute to this process.

Notes

1. The Decline in Hunger-Related Deaths, The Hunger Project Papers, No. 2, May 1984, by Roy L. Prosterman.

The Baha'i­ International Community would like to make a few comments on the significant ways in which youth, with its idealism and energy, can help fulfill the aim of the Charter of the United Nations to establish universal peace; and to suggest that the International Year of Peace Secretariat give special attention in its proposed programme for IYP to the ways in which young people can, through their creativity and drive, not only be seized with the vision of a world society incorporating the rich diversity of human characteristics and cultures, but also recognize their most valuable role in achieving world unity and world peace.

Drawing on the experience of Baha'i­ youth from over 2000 ethnic backgrounds in more than 160 independent countries, the Baha'i­ International Community suggests the following ways in which youth can hasten to bring about a lasting world peace and build a world civilization:

1. By developing an understanding and conviction of the principle of the organic oneness of humanity, and by expressing this belief through action.
   Science and religion have taught us that we are one human race, living on one planet, and that each of us is an integral part of the body of humanity. If any part of this body is weak, ill, diseased, the whole will be affected: each of us, as an indivisible part, will then suffer or be destroyed.
2. By working for a systematic eradication of all forms of prejudice and discrimination, whether based on race, religion, sex, nationality, or class.
   Failure to be aware of our prejudices, and to work consistently to rid ourselves of these divisive forces, will maim or destroy us, individually and collectively. Further, the chance of achieving unity through cooperation, and of bringing about peace, the result of this unity, will be impossible.
3. By a commitment to education in its totality - spiritual, moral, intellectual, emotional and physical - education of the whole person. This can be done in two ways:
   1. First through the development of the highest moral and spiritual values taught in the Baha'i­ Writings and in the scriptures of earlier revealed religions: among them, qualities of love, compassion, justice, truthfulness, honesty, trustworthiness, and courtesy. These qualities, essential for the molding of character, must be internalized, and be expressed in daily action, whether in the context of family, community, country, or the world at large. This education must necessarily stem from acceptance of, and commitment to, the organic oneness of the human race, and the belief that all human beings are fundamentally spiritual in nature, and have the responsibility to express their love of God through service to their fellow beings.
   2. Second, through education and training in schools, to develop fully the individual's talents, abilities, potentials in such a way that young people are equipped to practice a trade or profession, and can, through gainful employment contribute to the development of their nation and of the world. Special emphasis must also be given, in the Baha'i­ view, to the often neglected education of female youth.
      Such an education must be provided for by the family and the community. Since work done in the spirit of service to humanity is, in the Baha'i­ view, considered worship, youth, men and women alike, must commit themselves to obtain education, so that they may make a unique contribution to life on this planet.

Further, in the experience of the Baha'i­ International Community, it is clear that the education and training of youth must be based on the essential agreement of science and religion since, as facets of one truth, they provide both the values and the knowledge that will transform this planet into a place of peace and harmony, through respect for the rich diversity of humanity and the nourishing of those cultural differences that bring us together, not tear us apart.

An acceptance of the common humanity we share - that we are all a divine creation, connected by indissoluble ties with the Creator of the universe - is, in the view of the Baha'i­ International Community, essentially what matters.

We offer the above comments and suggestions in the hope that the enthusiasm that youth worldwide is demonstrating during International Youth Year will be channeled fully, in cooperation with people of all ages, to make of International Year of Peace a milestone in the life of the United Nations and the planet earth.

The goal of world peace is more than a possibility. It is, we believe, inevitable; and the brilliant light at the end of the tunnel must be for youth a challenge to their devotion to build a better world - one as glimpsed, for instance, in the following view from the Baha'i­ Writings:

A world community in which all economic barriers will have been permanently demolished and the interdependence of Capital and Labor definitely recognized; in which the clamor of religious fanaticism and strife will have been forever stilled; in which the flame of racial animosity will have been finally extinguished; in which a single code of international law - the product of the considered judgment of the world's federated representatives - shall have as its sanction the instant and coercive intervention of the combined forces of the federated units; and finally will have been transmuted into an abiding consciousness of world citizenship - such indeed, appears, in its broadest outline, the Order anticipated by Bahá'u'lláh, an Order that shall come to be regarded as the fairest fruit of a slowly maturing age.

The Policy Review study on UNICEF response to women's concerns (E/ICEF/1985/L.1), being considered by the UNICEF Executive Board at its 1985 session, places great emphasis on a subject of deep concern to the Baha'i­ International Community: the education and general development of women. Baha'i­ belief in, and practice of, the principle of the equality of men and women for over one hundred years -- now quite visible in Baha'i­ communities world-wide -- places special emphasis on the education of women, so long neglected.

While advocating universal compulsory education and the same educational curriculum for both sexes, Baha'i­s are committed to give preference to the education of girls -- an attitudinal change which is already showing far-reaching results. The range of problems relating to women addressed by Baha'i­s as individuals and by Baha'i­ local and national communities is very wide. Rural schools, literacy programs, conferences and seminars, for example, are all centered on both the immediate needs of women and on long-range innovative ways to bring women into the mainstream of social action.

However, even though the Baha'i­ International Community supports special programs for the development of women, our experience has shown that the education of both sexes is important to the advancement of women -- that programs which neglect to educate men in the equality of the sexes, leading to an acceptance of this just principle, must fail, since the healthy condition of the family, as the basic unit of society, necessarily requires the responsible contribution of both men and women. In all instances where family structure and influence are weak, problems for its members multiply -- especially for children. In efforts to strengthen the family, Baha'i­s are assuming new commitments -- to fidelity for both partners in marriage, and to a higher standard of responsibility for both parents as well as the community at large for the education and well-being of children. These changing social patterns in Baha'i­ communities can even be seen in societies where traditional attitudes and popular behavior are especially inimical to such values. Baha'i­ men support the education and development of women, and are becoming more responsible in relationship to the family. Women, in turn, are increasingly undertaking active roles outside the home, and are beginning to distinguish themselves through their intellectual and scientific achievements. They are participating in consultation and decision-making in the affairs of the family as well as in activities at a local, national and international community level.

The importance to development of the participatory approach, as noted in the Policy Review, traces back "to the basic services strategy which emphasizes the necessity for communities to participate in defining and solving their own problems." The Baha'i­ International Community is entirely in agreement with this "bottom-up" approach stressing self/collective reliance. The most successful development is, we believe, one that rises from an understanding of the material, intellectual and spiritual potentialities of human beings and seeks to utilize the unique talents and skills of each person.

The administrative structure which Baha'i­s are finding so effective -- now functioning in over 140 countries and in varied cultural environments representing 2000 ethnic backgrounds -- provides conditions for a continuous growth in understanding and application of these development principles. It encourages universal participation, in consultation and decision-making, in the smallest community on up. An important element of this system is an election process by secret ballot, free from the practice of nominations and electioneering. Members of the local community elect by free choice those men and women they feel best qualified to make decisions on a whole range of human concerns. The elected administrative council regularly consults with all members of the community at large, drawing from the diversity of viewpoints that necessarily exists in every situation. Once decisions of the council are reached by unanimous or majority vote, everyone in the community is committed to uphold them, ensuring in this way the unified support of the community at large. This joint decision-making process eliminates the evils of political partisanship that seek to undermine a plan of action, and prevents the influence of pressure groups promoting special interests.

Such a system, the Baha'i­ International Community believes, is well-suited to advance the education and development of all participants, as the process has influence on the behavior of the individual, whose contribution, in turn, enlarges the vision of the group. This "bottom-up" approach provides, above all, for evolutionary growth while maintaining unity at each stage of development.

There is also a great need, we feel, to include in education for development, encouragement to practice cooperative rather than competitive approaches that often lead the individual to seek for domination over others or to take advantage over them for self-gain. Baha'i­s believe that attitudes promoting an unbridled materialism have resulted in a competitive struggle for material gain which has exacerbated economic and social problems. Cooperative attitudes and respect for others in the family are seen to encourage the realization of rights for everyone: the respect for children and for women is enhanced in families where moral and spiritual values underlie the concern for material well-being. Cooperative approaches involving respect for the potential realization of the highest qualities in every human being, when extended from the family to the nation and the world, hold great promise, we suggest, for lessening and eventually abolishing the divisive prejudices of race, class, nationality, and sex which have seriously inhibited growth and development.

The social and economic issues which humanity is trying to resolve can only be met as people learn respect for the rights of others, assume responsibility to build good character, and dedicate themselves, in the spirit of service, to the interests of the whole of humankind. Understanding of development will, we feel, grow as all of us become increasingly aware of the interdependence and organic unity of humanity.

The Baha'i­ International Community holds in high regard its growing collaboration with UNICEF, at headquarters and in the field, and we anticipate continued opportunities for close cooperation in building a better world for all peoples.