Article 13

Under Article 13, the list of issues (paragraph 31) asks about the access of Bahá'ís to schools and about discrimination and harassment against them, including exclusion from higher education.  In its written reply, the government repeats its false claim that Baha'is enjoy equal rights, but also declares:

“If individuals regardless of their religion and beliefs observe the laws, no one has the right to bother them. (…)”

And:

“…no Baha'i individual has been deprived from higher education because of their belief and as long as they abide by the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran and rules of educational institutions there will be no problem for their employment and education. (…)”

We are certain the Committee is aware that Bahá'ís are peaceful, law-abiding citizens, as required by their Faith:  a very well-known fact in over 200 countries and territories throughout the world.  We have yet to see one shred of evidence to back up the Iranian government’s allegation that Baha'is excluded from higher education have broken any of the laws of their country.  Lawyers defending Baha'is have even stated that no evidence was presented in court to substantiate charges against members of this religious community who are now in prison because of their beliefs.

You will have seen, in our submission, copies of official instructions stating that Baha'is must be expelled from universities and vocational training, as soon as they are identified as members of the community.  This year’s official guide to Iran’s national entrance exam for postgraduate studies stipulates as requirements:  “Belief in Islam or in one of the religions specified in the Constitution…  (Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism)” and “Obedience to practical Islamic laws” . 

A very small number of students have been admitted to university since 2006, because they were not known to be Baha'is.  However, all students identified as members of the community have been blocked at admission or expelled.  Many of them have appealed, but no expulsion case has ever been decided in favour of a Baha'i. 

A year and a half ago, the UN Human Rights Committee stated in its concluding observations that “members of the Baha’i community continue to be subjected to a range of violations of their rights, including arbitrary detention, false imprisonment, confiscation and destruction of property, denial of employment and Government benefits and denial of access to higher education.” 

Nothing has changed since then.  The violations that we have mentioned in this statement were detailed in five documents submitted to the Human Rights Council in March this year by the Special Rapporteur on human rights in Iran, the UN Secretary-General, the Special Rapporteur on torture, the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, and a joint report by a large group of UN Special Procedures. 

The Baha'i International Community welcomes the report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, which focused this year on violations against religious minorities.

Mr. Bielefeld expressed concern about States that do not respect the rights of individuals who are not adherents of “theologically accepted religions”.  Indeed, human rights cannot be “privileges reserved to the members of certain predefined groups”.

Three of the examples cited by the Special Rapporteur concern Iran.  His report states that Baha'is are denied access to higher education in this country, and that the seven former leaders of the community were detained and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment -- the longest sentence for any prisoner of conscience in Iran. We would add that the number of Baha'is in prison has doubled in the past two years, remaining over 100 throughout 2012. At the same time, Baha'is have cruelly been denied the right to work in an effort to destroy all their means of livelihood. In addition, the government has persisted in inciting hatred against them and their beliefs in the media and elsewhere and continues to give total impunity to those who violently attack Baha'i homes, shops and cemeteries.

The persecution of Baha'is is particularly intense, but the Iranian government also violates the rights of members of other minority religious groups.  On a previous occasion, the Baha'i International Community has stood up against persecutions of Christians.  But as Mr. Bielefeldt’s report states, violations also target members of minority communities within officially recognized religions.  In Iran, this applies to Muslim minority groups such as Sunnis, Sufis, and some Shia religious leaders such as Ayatollah Boroujerdi (and his followers).

We therefore hope that the Council will call upon Iran to fulfil its obligations under international law. Iran must, once and for all, allow its citizens to freely exercise their right to hold beliefs that differ from those held by the few in power.

The concept of ‘empowerment’ has become integral to development thought. Though it has often been associated primarily with gender equality, advances in global development will require a re-examination of the concept and its application to many aspects of human life. The following reflections on the goals, protagonists, and prerequisites for empowerment seek to assist the Commission for Social Development in its consideration of this important issue.

A Conception of Empowerment

The term empowerment means many things to many people. Concepts of choice, freedom, agency, capacity, participation, autonomy, and increased resources, however, are common to virtually all definitions. Consensus can therefore be found around the idea of empowerment as a means of improving quality of life and expanding the basis of human well-being. In short, empowerment can serve as a mechanism for effecting deep and broad-based social transformation.

The process of social transformation can be explored at both the personal and structural levels. At one end of the spectrum, social change is seen as an outcome of the development of individuals, achieved through education, training, access to material resources, and the like. According to this view, structural change is assumed to be an automatic result of personal change. Unfortunately, this rarely bears out in practice, as even those who benefit from such resources find themselves participating in oppressive social structures. At the other end of the spectrum, the human being is viewed entirely as a product of society, and change is considered impossible unless social structures—mainly those related to political power—are changed first. Yet, too often, this approach has supported the idea that ends justify the means and has resulted in conditions of injustice and oppression. 

Increasing the capacity of individuals and communities to build more just and equitable social structures requires a conception of social development that avoids these extremes. Individual and structural transformation are intimately related: the individual’s inner life shapes his or her social environment, and that environment, in turn, exerts a profound influence on one’s spiritual and psychological well-being.   

The metaphor of the body politic, likening all of humanity to a single social organism, provides a useful framework for exploring empowerment as means to pursue the transformation of individuals and society. Implicit in such a conception are characteristics such as the interdependence of the parts and the whole, the indispensability of collaboration, reciprocity and mutual aid, the need to differentiate but also harmonize roles, the need for institutional arrangements that enable rather than oppress, and the existence of a collective purpose above that of any constituent element. Viewed in this way, empowerment both depends on and contributes to a system in which diverse actors are provided the resources needed for each to make a unique contribution to the whole.

Drawing on the above ideas, individual and collective empowerment can be conceived as the expansion of vision, capacity, and volition necessary for people to act as effective agents of human well-being and prosperity.

The Protagonists of Social Transformation

Who are the primary actors in the processes of social transformation? Experience suggests that three are critically important: the individual, the institutions of society, and the community. In this light, empowerment can be said to involve assisting individuals to manifest constructive capacities in creative and disciplined ways, institutions to exercise authority in a manner that leads to the progress and upliftment of all, and communities to provide an environment in which culture is enriched and individual wills and capacities combine in collective action.

Raising capacity among these protagonists will require a thorough reexamination of assumptions about human nature. Notions of “us” and “them” deserve particular attention. Discourse in development circles, for example, is often rooted in notions of the “empowered” members of society assisting the “disadvantaged” or “marginalized.” The impulse to rectify social inequalities is unquestionably noble, but us/them dichotomies only perpetuate and reinforce existing divisions. Careful thought needs to be given to ways in which empowerment can be approached as a universal and shared enterprise and not something the “haves” bestow on the “have nots.”

Closely related is the question of who is empowered and who is not. Historical processes have created inequalities that must be addressed. But the development framework should be one in which every individual and group is presumed to have room for advancement. In this light, the marginalized are not without capacity, and the privileged are not all-powerful. All have capacity to develop and all have a responsibility to advance the welfare of the whole.

Finally, though empowerment denotes someone or something being invested with power, the social dynamics of power seem to have been largely ignored in discussions on development at the United Nations. That an examination of the dynamics of power has proven difficult to integrate into these discussions suggests the need for new and alternative approaches. How can power be conceptualized as something other than a zero-sum commodity? How can its associations with control and domination be replaced by ones of capacity and ability? How can it be approached as an integral part of all social relationships and institutions, rather than a resource to be acquired or lost? Exploration along these lines, we believe, will provide much insight into the means and ends of empowerment.  

Prerequisites for Social Transformation

Because those without a seat at the table have little voice in decisions affecting their lives, participation in the systems and structures of society is an essential prerequisite for social transformation. To be anything more than window-dressing though, participation must be substantive and creative. It is not enough for people to be mere beneficiaries of projects, even if they have a voice in certain decisions. They must be far more involved in decision-making processes: identifying problems, devising solutions and approaches, enjoying benefits, and determining criteria for evaluation.

Participation, however, cannot be equated with empowerment—taking part in flawed systems merely perpetuates existing patterns of injustice. In order to advance the common good, individuals must possess both the capacity to assess the strengths and weaknesses of existing social structures and the freedom to choose between participating in those structures, working to reform them, or endeavoring to build new ones.

Building the capacity of the world’s peoples and social institutions to create a prosperous and just society will require a vast increase in access to knowledge. This will entail approaches that facilitate the generation, application, and diffusion of knowledge at the local level. Rather than unquestioningly adopting “solutions” developed elsewhere, an emphasis on strengthening local capacity to generate, apply, and diffuse knowledge can help to put into place an ongoing process of action and reflection, one which encourages respect of the existing knowledge base of a community, raises the community’s confidence in its ability to devise, implement and assess solutions, and helps to systematize and expand local knowledge. The result is a systematic and coherent process of learning that can gradually encompass a wider range of community endeavors.

Finally, the ability to identify the root causes of injustice will be crucial to the empowerment of populations to become agents of social transformation. Regardless of the advantages a population might enjoy, if it is unable to discern the drivers of social injustice and inequity, it will remain unable to rectify them. If empowerment is to lead to social transformation, it must involve the ability to recognize the forces shaping one’s social reality, to identify the possibilities and challenges presented by that reality, and to devise initiatives for the betterment of society.

Further Considerations

Many questions remain to be answered. How can we measure empowerment? How do we conceive of empowerment at the level of the individual, the community, and social institutions? How can we ensure that efforts to assist people and communities to become protagonists of their own development do not reinforce the notions of “us” and “them” or the “developed” and the “developing”? How can such efforts serve to strengthen vision, capabilities, and volition rather than creating dependencies? How can social transformation be approached as a universal and shared enterprise and not something driven by the “haves” for the benefit of the “have nots”? How can we give expression to the power that comes from love, knowledge, solidarity, truthfulness, and wisdom? How can we strive for mutual empowerment in human relations at all levels of society?

As deliberations about the Post-2015 development agenda gain momentum, it is becoming indisputable that the future we want is not a bisected world of haves and have-nots. The effects of social inequalities are apparent on all sides: apathy, alienation, social unrest, violence and the erosion of trust between individuals and the institutions of governance, to name but a few. The vitality and legitimacy of any vision of development rests on the degree to which it embodies the highest aspirations of the world’s peoples and the extent to which they play a role in its articulation.

Over the last several decades the subject of inequality has gained greater prominence both nationally and internationally.  The concept of inequality has become more and more visible in descriptions of poverty, reflecting the growing consensus that the two are inextricably linked. United Nations Human Development reports have increasingly recognized that inequalities related to gender, income, education, employment, productive assets, basic freedoms, and the like exacerbate a host of social, environment and economic problems. In 1990, the first Report asserted that “average improvements conceal considerable inequality within countries and mask the continuing severe deprivation of many people.”[1] Almost a decade later, the 1999 Report identified ‘horizontal inequalities’ between groups—whether ethnic, religious or social—as the major cause of civil conflicts occurring at that time.[2] In 2010, the UN’s inequality-adjusted human development index began assessing human development in light of the inequalities in a given country.[3] There is now broad recognition of the persistent and deepening inequalities at all levels and widespread consensus that the assessment of inequalities must play a central role in the post-2015 development agenda.

Equality of what?

Despite recognition of the challenge of deepening social and economic inequalities, there is little consensus on the meaning of concepts at the core of the discussion. This lack of clarity complicates the task of defining the social ills involved and reaching agreement on the nature and scope of the problem. A discussion such as this must begin with the question, “Equality of what?”

Most would agree that the principle of equality, expressed in various forms, is an important element of social organization. Hard-won moral battles have established principles such as the equality of men and women, the equality of diverse peoples and nations, and the equality of all people before the law. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights” and are “endowed with reason and conscience.” More recently, the Millennium Declaration records the commitment of world leaders “to uphold the principles of human dignity, equality and equity.”[4]    

The idea of equality that emerges from these documents focuses not on possessions or conditions, but on defining certain attributes of the human being. Dignity, reason, and conscience are qualities common to every member of the human race. As such, the main concern of efforts in this area would not be to create equality, but rather to reflect in social structures and processes the equality that already exists. The principle of the equality of women and men, for example, is rooted in this same idea—in those aspects that make human beings human—there is no distinction between women and men. Equality, then, is more than just a desirable condition to be achieved for the good of society. It is a fundamental aspect of what it means to be human.

Elements of a ‘transformative’ framework for social development

Around the world, calls for an ambitious and ‘transformative’ development framework are increasingly heard—a framework capable of transforming oppressive relations, reforming structural inequalities, and embodying the highest aspirations of all people, particularly the most marginalized and vulnerable. But even as we yearn for such a transformation, society remains enmeshed in norms of conflict and competition: political systems are organized as contests for power; legal systems as contests of legal advocacy; economic systems as contests of capital accumulation; and educational systems as contests of intellectual achievement and recognition. Such structures promote separation into opposing groups of “we” and “they”—groups that fight, compete, negotiate, even cooperate across the boundaries of their separateness. These norms exacerbate the many categories of “otherness” that distort human relationships and perpetuate injustice.  

So apparently prevalent in world affairs are prejudicial distinctions based on constructs of gender, race, age, socio-economic status, nationality, tribe, religion, disability, and location that alternatives can seem out of reach. Narrowly identifying with particular physical or social characteristics and placing them at the centre of our identity has had ruinous consequences, whether that identity has been used to win advantage over others or has formed in response to prejudice and oppression. The deeply fragmented social reality that we find around us today is, in part, a consequence of these divisive constructs and attachments.

Is a conception of society without an “other” even possible? We propose that not only is it possible, timely and practical but that such a conception is essential to the maturation of the human race. Humanity is experiencing a transition that can be described as the passage from a collective childhood to our collective maturity. During this transition, the thoughts and attitudes associated with the period of humanity’s childhood are gradually being uprooted and the structures of a civilization that reflect our adulthood are gradually taking shape. Characterizing this transition is the redefinition of human relationships within the context of a single social body, animated by bonds of mutualism and reciprocity. Such a transition calls for an organic change in the structure of society on an unprecedented scale. It requires that the oneness of humanity become the operating principle of our collective life.

The analogy of the human body illustrates, in a simplified manner, how the principle of the oneness of humankind can establish more equitable forms of social organization. Within the body, countless differentiated cells, structures and organs collaborate to sustain life. Each gives and receives whatever is needed for its individual functioning and for the welfare of the whole. And just as no one would explain a healthy body in terms of self-interested competition, no one would argue that functioning would be improved by all of the body’s cells becoming identical to one another. Optimum performance, rather, is achieved through the reciprocity found in the body’s governing principle of “unity in diversity”—a principle that applies to the social body of humanity as it does to the physical body of one of its members. 

As awareness of the inescapable oneness of humanity pervades both human consciousness and the structures of society, a new vision of development begins to emerge—one in which labels of “donors,” “recipients,” “developing” and “developed” have to be re-examined. From this perspective, development ceases to be something one group of people does for the benefit of another. Instead, all individuals, whether materially rich or poor, engage in a common enterprise of development, and all work shoulder to shoulder—as is their right and responsibility—to contribute to the development of the whole. 

This conception of equality in which all are able to participate in the development process implies that certain questions need to be asked at the levels of both practice and theory. Among these: How would relationships between and among individuals, communities and institutions of government need to be defined to reflect the oneness of humanity as an operating principle of collective life? How can diversity be more effectively approached as a source of creativity, innovation and resilience, instead of division, discord and conflict? How could a concept of global trusteeship–an idea that all are born into the world as a trust of the whole–be better incorporated into current development efforts?

Equity and justice through the lens of the ‘oneness of humanity’

Given the central role accorded to the human rights framework in discussions of goals, standards and processes of the post-2015 development agenda, we feel it is worthwhile to consider the exigencies of justice through the lens of the oneness of humankind. The purpose of justice, we firmly believe, is the manifestation of this inherent unity in the material and social dimensions of human life.

The principle of justice applies not only to social institutions but also at the level of the individual. At this level, justice can be seen as an evolving moral capacity that connects one’s well-being and happiness to that of broader society. The very motivation to respond to the injustices of present-day society and the will to exert ourselves for the betterment of others is animated by this moral principle. Justice calls for fair-mindedness in one’s judgments and equity in one’s treatment of others. It is a quality of mind and heart that enables one to discern truth from falsehood and, thereby break long-standing cycles of prejudice and blind imitation.

At the collective level, justice is the practical expression of the awareness that the well-being of society and of the individual are intimately linked and that the welfare of the individual is best secured by advancing the welfare of the whole. A concern for justice helps to curb the tendency to define progress in ways that bestow advantage on the privileged few, and can blunt tendencies towards partisanship and manipulation of decision-making processes.

Justice requires universal participation: all people have both the right to benefit from a materially and morally prosperous society and a commensurate responsibility to participate in its construction.  If development is to be effective, it must promote the participation of the people in determining the direction of their communities, whether analysing specific problems, attaining higher degrees of understanding, exploring possible courses of action, or making collective decisions. From a practical standpoint, it is not difficult to see that plans and processes, which are perceived as meeting the essential social and economic needs of the world’s communities, can best secure the trust and the commitment of the masses of humanity upon whom implementation ultimately depends.

How, then, can the individual sense of justice be strengthened in a society? In what ways can global systems and processes better reflect the fundamental connections between the welfare of the individual and the welfare of society as a whole? How can consensus be reached about governmental and international policies that meet the needs of all stakeholders in a fair and equitable way? How can recognition of fundamental human equalities translate into equitable social practices?

Rights and responsibilities 

Closely related to considerations of justice and equality is the issue of rights. A balance must be struck between the preservation of individual freedom and the promotion of the collective good. Freedom is indeed essential to all expressions of human life. Yet concern that each human being should enjoy the freedom of expression and freedom from want does not justify the exaltation of the individual or support for unbridled individualism, to the detriment of broader society. At that same time, concern for the welfare of society does not require a deification of the state as the only source of human well-being. An equilibrium of responsibilities is implied—responsibilities shared by individuals, communities and their social institutions.  

Human rights, then, achieve their highest expression when understood in the context of relationships, at the local, national and international levels. Viewed through this lens, human rights become a vehicle for all to have the opportunity to realize their inherent potential and to exercise their responsibility to ensure the same for others. Within this framework of rights and responsibilities, a pattern is set for institutional and individual behaviour which depends for its efficacy not only on the force of law, but also on the recognition of a mutuality of benefits and on the spirit of cooperation. How, then, can the needs and rights of the individual be balanced with the needs of broader society? How can conceptions of the individual as primarily a ‘rights-bearer’ be expanded to include every individual’s moral duty to advance the welfare of his or her society and of humanity as a whole?

The lens of the oneness of humankind sheds light on the vulnerable situation of national, ethnic and religious minorities. The imperative of preserving cultural diversity is implied by this principle—if a just international order is to emerge, then the infinitely varied cultural expressions must be allowed to develop and to interact with one another in ever-changing patterns of collective life. It has been repeatedly shown that the unjust treatment of minorities, the suppression of their rights and access to opportunities to participate meaningfully in the life of society leads to social and political instability, unrest, and, at times, culminates in violent clashes and loss of life. The marginalization of minorities and active suppression of their freedoms exacerbates misunderstandings, propagates harmful stereotypes in the wider community, and sows the seeds of distrust and conflict. When structures are in place, which promote a peaceful exchange of views and when the rule of law provides equal access to justice, conditions are created in which nascent conflicts and challenges can be constructively resolved.  To deny groups the opportunity to flourish, on the basis of their identity—ethnic, religious or other—is to deny the entire human family the intellectual, social and moral benefits that derive from such opportunity.

How, then, do we ensure that raising consciousness and addressing the conditions of injustice that affect a particular group do not reinforce divisive distinctions? How do we foster the will to struggle for change without making these identity issues our sole cause? How do we prevent identity-based struggles from becoming ends in themselves, rather than working towards a society which is free from the many forms of prejudice and discrimination that afflict the world? How do we recognize difference without glorifying it or obscuring commonalities?

Eliminating extremes of wealth and poverty

Disparities of income and wealth, though far from the only kind of inequity, are of central importance to sustainable development and social harmony. Over 80 per cent of the world’s population lives in countries where income differentials are widening. The poorest 40% of the world’s population account for five per cent of the global income.[5] Poverty eradication measures, even where finding some measure of success, have failed to address growing disparities in income and unprecedented concentrations of wealth. Such extremes cripple participation in decision-making processes, lead to higher levels of social isolation, undermine economic vitality, and distort perceptions of human capacity. While much has been written about the depths of poverty that afflicts “the bottom billion” and condemns millions more to a precarious and vulnerable daily existence, very little attention has been given to correspondingly inordinate accumulations of wealth. Where two and a half billion people lack basic sanitation, a mere thousand or so individuals are said to control nearly six per cent of the Gross World Product.

The reticence to consider growing concentrations of wealth has resulted in a dangerous ‘blind-spot’ in development discourse, and policy and has failed to draw the important connection between the extreme wealth of some individuals and groups and the degrading poverty afflicting masses of the world’s population. Resource-rich regions and resource-poor regions can no longer be treated as unrelated phenomena but, rather, as characteristics of a global system that selectively bestows advantage on the privileged few, while leaving the masses to make do with a small fraction of the world’s resources. The mere transfer of tools, funds or knowledge will not suffice to transform the oppressive structures of power and production that have been growing steadily for over two hundred years.

The shortcomings witnessed in the economic systems of the 20th century are, in large part, a reflection of the failure of the materialist ideology on which they were founded. Though the productive output of the global civilization has grown significantly over the past century, the fruits of that production have not “trickled down” to the masses of humanity. Not only has the gap between the wealthy and the poor continued to widen, but the poor have, in many instances, become even poorer in absolute terms. And tellingly, the privileged few at one end of the spectrum have failed to find the contentment and satisfaction they sought, as the social instability caused by inequalities continues to drive crime, terrorism, violence, revolution and countless other forms of civil unrest. 

Addressing economic disparities, then, will require addressing extremes of wealth in ways that have so far been resisted or declared impractical. Social norms and the laws reflecting them will need to ensure that those who have amassed fortunes share their wealth to provide for the essential needs of the masses and to promote the common weal. To be sure, a dynamic and creative world economy cannot flourish within an overly restrictive legal code. But neither can a just, vibrant, and prospering world civilization allow some members to accumulate personal fortunes larger than could be spent in a lifetime, while others die from lack of basic necessities. The goal is moderation conducive to social order and prosperity. It must be remembered that voluntary sharing can be a powerful driver of economic equity, as it springs from one of humanity’s most noble attributes—the desire to sacrifice a portion of one’s wealth for the betterment of the whole. 

Yet such voluntary action alone will clearly not be sufficient. What are the structures, then, that permit the on-going existence of extreme wealth?  How is it perpetuated by economic and political systems? What kinds of identities and qualities are fostered by its continuing presence?  How can such accumulations be addressed in ways that are fair to those who hold them, those who don’t, and society as a whole? How can the practice of voluntary sharing be promoted and expanded, particularly as a mechanism to address inequalities of wealth and resources?

Toward a more equitable future

Gross inequalities in access to resources, services and opportunities stem as much from the paradigms and values behind global structures as from the structures themselves. The unfettered cultivation of needs and wants, for example, has led to a system fully dependent on excessive consumption for a relative few, while reinforcing exclusion, poverty and inequity, for the majority.  Each successive global challenge—be it climate, energy, food, water, disease, or financial—reveals further the need for a fundamental re-evaluation of the conceptual and moral basis of the present world order.

Laying the foundations for a more equitable future will require the formation of new models of development, prosperity, and economics. These models, to be effective, must be shaped by insights arising from a sympathetic understanding of shared experience and a keen appreciation of the central role relationships—between humanity and nature, among individuals and communities, within the family, and between individuals and social institutions—play in sustaining human society. 

The injustices evident in the current global framework will require more than skilful methodologies and technocratic solutions. Well intentioned as they have been, such “solutions” have so far failed to alter the basic inequities in the way the fruits of human endeavour and prosperity have been distributed. No longer can people of good will be content with the goal of providing for people’s basic needs. Only as all members of the human family are invited to make their contribution to the betterment of society, and only as the distribution and use of resources are arranged in a way that permits each to do so, will progress against the age-old spectre of inequality and inequity be possible.