Development

适合人类的治理模式与通向公正的全球秩序之路

适合人类的治理模式与通向公正的全球秩序之路

New York—21 September 2020

全球现实急剧变化,正促使人们进一步认清人类的相互关联和相互依存,此时,联合国迎来了75周年诞辰。一场大流行病肆虐全球,引发并加速了混乱,其间,显著社会变革的诸多可能性却在开启,有望给世界带来稳定,让万民生活富足。纵观历史,动荡时期总是提供了重新定义集体价值观及其基础假设的机会。当前关头同样如此。在众多领域中,既定的体系和方法需要彻底变革,这表明未来四分之一世纪——从联合国成立75周年到百岁诞辰——对于人类命运的走向是何其关键。呼声日渐高涨,一致要求我们在集体迈向持久世界和平的轨道上采取决定性的步骤。这个呼吁必须得到回应。

人类大家庭实属一体,这一真理在全世界已得到广大民众的拥护。现在,这一真理对于我们集体行为的深刻意涵,必须促成各国协调一致地朝着更高的社会与政治团结度迈进。正如巴哈欧拉在一百多年前所宣告的,“唯有人人学会衷心祝福全人类,方能实现真正的和平与安宁”。全球社会自相纷争是何等危险之至,决不可任其如此。

为了奠定世界秩序的基础,从而保障国际和平与普世繁荣,人类在过去一个世纪实施了许多举措,虽不完美但意义重大。作为人类首次在全球治理上的认真尝试,国际联盟存在了25年。而联合国持续的时间已是三倍于此,令人瞩目。作为世界各国普遍参与的体系和表达人类共同意愿的论坛,联合国确实无可比拟。然而近期事件表明,面对越发彼此关联的诸多威胁接踵而来,目前的安排已捉襟见肘。因此,整合与协调必须更进一步。唯一可行的出路是建立一个深化全球合作的体系。眼下的周年纪念正是一个恰当时机,可以就国际社会如何更好地组织起来着手建立共识,思考什么可以作为进步的衡量标准。

近年来,就连基于规则的国际秩序理念都遭到排斥,使得针对多边安排的理性批评也不时会被淹没。但这一倒退期依然处于推动全球社会走向更牢固团结的广阔历史进程之中。在人类历史的每个阶段,都不仅有可能而且有必要实现复杂度更高的整合。出现了更紧迫的新挑战,政治体不得不作出新的安排,以更大的包容性、融贯性与合作度来满足时代的需要。现有的促进国家间展开商讨的体制,以及解决冲突的系统,正被当下的需求推到其能力所及的范围之外。因此,我们发现自己正面临一项决定性的任务:要充分意识到我们属于同一个人类种族,共享同一个地球家园,而有目的地安排我们的事务。

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认同人类大家庭的一体性,并非要求整齐划一,或放弃各种既定的治理体系。对人类一体的真正理解,包含着多样性这一基本概念。今日所需乃是确立一个稳定的共识:既要保留全球多样的体制和文化,同时又彰显一套共通价值观和原则,可以赢得所有国家的拥护。围绕这些共同原则和规范形成的一定程度的共识,已可见于全球议程所贯穿的理念中,诸如人权的普遍性、消除贫穷的紧迫性、在环境可持续的限度内生活的必要性。不过还有很长的路要走,这些理念的挑战性意涵必须予以考虑。


基于对团结的承诺和有关正义的共同道德规范,建立一个容纳各种不同途径的框架,能让共同原则在无数安排和规划中付诸实践。在这样一个框架内,政治结构、法律制度和社会组织的差异将不再是摩擦点,而是可能产生新方案和新途径的洞见之源。如果各国矢志相互学习,就能摒弃竞争和指责的顽固积习,代之以合作和探索的文化,并且乐于将挫折和失误视为学习进程不可避免的环节。

真正认同全球相互依存,就必然要一视同仁地真诚关心全体民众。这一原则看似简单,却意味着要进行深刻的优先顺序重组。促进共同利益往往被当作一个次要目标——目标虽然可嘉,但要在保障了其他较狭窄的国家利益之后才会顾及。必须改变这种做法,因为人类任何局部的福祉都与整体的福祉密不可分。磋商任何计划或政策,出发点必须是考量社会所有阶层将会受到的影响。因此,无论是地方、国家还是国际层面的任何行动提案,领导人和政策制定者在权衡其利弊时都要面对这一关键问题:该项决定是否会促进人类整体的福祉?

无论以往的国家主权观念曾经带来多少益处,现今的形势都要求采取更加全面而整合的分析和决策方法。国内政策会对全球产生什么影响?何种选择有利于共同繁荣与持久和平?哪些措施能培养人的高贵性、维护人的尊严?随着人类一体的意识日益融入决策进程,各国将更易于视彼此为真正的伙伴,一同管理地球,保障万族昌盛。

领导人在衡量眼下的政策影响时,需要考虑许多人所说的“人之灵”,即那种寻求意义、渴望超越的根本品质。人类存在的这些较为抽象的维度,一贯被视为仅限于个人信仰领域,不在政策制定者和管理者关心的范畴内。但经验表明,如果物质进步脱离于灵性和道德进步,人类全体的进步便无法实现。例如,近几十年的经济增长无疑为许多人带来了繁荣,但这种增长并非根植于公平正义,其成果只是让少数人不成比例地受益,而多数人则处境堪虞。世界经济一有萎缩,就会使现存的不平等加剧,人间疾苦愈增,而总是那些生活贫困的人面临最大风险。推动社会进步的每份努力,即便只着眼于物质条件,也是建立在基本的道德假设之上。每项政策都反映着有关人性的信念,不同社会走向背后的价值观,以及特定权利和责任相互作用的方式。这些假设决定了任何一项决策能在多大程度上带来普世裨益。因此,必须仔细而诚实地检视这些假设。只有自觉地确保物质进步与灵性和社会进步相联系,建设更美好世界的许诺方能兑现。

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要迈向更为协调、真诚合作的国际关系,最终需要开启这一进程:世界上的领导人联合一道,重新设定和构建全球秩序。由于人类面临显而易见的严峻挑战,一度被视为国际合作的理想化愿景的,如今已是实用之需。要让这一方向的举措发挥效力,关键在于放弃胶着僵持的陈旧模式,转而推行全球性的公民道德规范。商议的过程需要更加宽宏大度、理性而诚恳,其动机不是要依附于根深蒂固的立场和狭隘的利益,而是为了集体寻求对复杂问题的更深理解。与谋求共同福祉不相容的目标需要搁置一旁。除非这成为主导性的道德准则,否则持久进步便遥不可及。

秉持这种态度会增强以过程为导向的方法,逐步发挥长处,应对不断演变的现实,从而取得进步。当理性而冷静地考察任何提案之优劣的集体能力得到提升,就可以进一步商讨一系列改革方案。例如,设立联合国大会下议院,议院代表由直接选举产生,可谓之世界议会——这将极有助于提高该全球机构的合法性,加强其与人民的联系。一个未来事务世界理事会可以制度化地考量政策会如何影响子孙后代,还可以关注一系列问题,诸如全球危机处理预案,新兴技术的使用,未来的教育或就业。加强与自然界相关的法律框架,将使生物多样性、气候、环境机制更趋整合、更富生机,为地球资源的共同管理体系奠定牢固的根基。全面改革促进与维护和平的基础结构,包括重组安全理事会,会消弭各种常见的僵局死结,以便更为果断地应对冲突的威胁。这些创举或类似的革新,需要相当聚焦的审议,也需要形成普遍的共识以支持各项举措获得认同与合法性。当然,这些举措本身并不足以满足人类之需。不过,若能对现存秩序有所改进,这些举措就会为真正变革性的增长和发展进程贡献一份力量。

国际社会已承诺建设一个这样的世界:比如暴力与腐败让位于和平与善政,男女平等渗透于社会生活的各个方面。但这样的世界还未存在过。因此,朝着全球议程所蕴含的目标前进,就要求有意识地以实验、研究、革新和创造为导向。随着这些进程逐步展开,就必须更加一丝不苟地应用《联合国宪章》业已界定的道德框架。尊重国际法,维护基本人权,恪守条约和协定——只有通过实际行动履行此类承诺,联合国及其成员国才能向世界人民示范正直与诚信的标准。若非如此,再多的行政重组也无法消除我们眼前存在已久的众多挑战。正如巴哈欧拉所宣告的,“言词须由行为支撑,因为行为是言词的真正检验”。

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联合国首个世纪最后的岁月将是一段机遇广阔的时期。人类可能达到过往时代所梦寐难及的合作规模,展现出无比壮阔的进步前景。然而,如果不能达成决议来支持有效的全球协调运作,导致的后果将远比近期的混乱局面更为严重,那可能是灾难性的后果。因此,国际共同体所面临的任务,便是确保国际政治与权力的运行机制愈加导向合作与团结。

联合国成立百年之际,我们共同家园的全体居民难道没有可能确信:我们已启动了一个切实可行的进程,来建立未来世纪持续进步所需的全球秩序?这正是巴哈伊国际社团的冀望,也是其劳作的目标。在此重申巴哈欧拉在很久以前,针对领导者与人类事务的裁决者所发出的中肯呼吁:“让他们共同商讨,经过审慎充分的考量,为这个病态的、深受折磨的世界提供救治良方。”

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